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+1
+00:00:00,120 --> 00:00:05,320
+Parte 2: Economia politica dell'hack
+vettorialismo e hackers come classe
+
+2
+00:00:06,920 --> 00:00:12,480
+Nella cultura popolare, l'hacker é stereotipato come una versione di fantascienza del mago -
+
+3
+00:00:12,480 --> 00:00:18,440
+normalmente un uomo bianco etero cis, un eroe solitario con poteri di perizia informatica
+
+4
+00:00:18,440 --> 00:00:23,080
+incomprensibili per noialtr* che non abbiamo l'essenza magica dell'hacker.
+
+5
+00:00:25,000 --> 00:00:26,480
+CONTROLLO TUTTO !!!
+
+6
+00:00:27,240 --> 00:00:31,720
+Per contrasto, mckenzie wark, autor*
+di "a hacker manifesto",
+
+7
+00:00:31,720 --> 00:00:35,640
+descrive l'hacker
+come qualcun* che produce informazione
+
+8
+00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:38,000
+ma non la possiede o la controlla.
+
+9
+00:00:38,480 --> 00:00:42,840
+Definisce l* hacker come una classe,
+in termini di economia politica,
+
+10
+00:00:42,840 --> 00:00:47,840
+sfruttata sotto la nuova classe dominante, che lei chiama la classe vettorialista
+
+11
+00:00:48,280 --> 00:00:53,760
+(per esempio , google, amazon, facebook, apple,
+microsoft e i loro equivalenti cinesi).
+
+12
+00:00:53,880 --> 00:00:58,760
+Il vettorialismo é un modo di produzione basato sulla asimmetria dell'informazione,
+
+13
+00:00:58,760 --> 00:01:03,800
+creata attraverso la proprietà e il controllo sugli stock, flussi, e vettor di informazioni
+
+14
+00:01:03,800 --> 00:01:05,800
+da parte della classe vettorialista.
+
+15
+00:01:06,320 --> 00:01:11,800
+Con questa definizione, la classe hacker
+non sono solo l* programmator* informatic*
+
+16
+00:01:11,800 --> 00:01:15,600
+che sono sfruttat* da* vettorialist* 
+che brevettano il loro codice.
+
+17
+00:01:15,600 --> 00:01:21,360
+Chiunque di noi che cammini in giro con
+uno smartphone é parte della classe hacker 
+
+18
+00:01:21,360 --> 00:01:23,920
+perché anche senza saperlo, 
+
+19
+00:01:23,920 --> 00:01:28,960
+produciamo nuovi dati di localizzazione e non possediamo ne controlliamo questa informazione
+
+20
+00:01:28,960 --> 00:01:31,120
+ma l* vettorialist* si.
+
+21
+00:01:32,920 --> 00:01:37,800
+Dai messaggi di testo alle videochiamate, dalle ricerche web ai doom scrolls,
+
+22
+00:01:37,800 --> 00:01:40,560
+con ogni aggiornamento di stato, ogni like,
+
+23
+00:01:40,560 --> 00:01:46,160
+ogni interazione con le nostre apparacchiature intelligenti, produciamo nuova informazione,
+
+24
+00:01:46,160 --> 00:01:48,360
+se non altro,
+sopra chi siamo.
+
+25
+00:01:48,880 --> 00:01:52,960
+Chi siamo é quello che facciamo e tutto sta
+ registrato e processato.
+
+26
+00:01:53,320 --> 00:01:58,800
+A prescindere delle qualità familiari, amichevoli e compagneristiche delle relazioni(?),
+
+27
+00:01:58,800 --> 00:02:02,600
+l'intimità si quantifica e mercantilizza come informazione,
+
+28
+00:02:02,600 --> 00:02:05,480
+insieme a tutte le alre forme di affetto.
+
+29
+00:02:05,840 --> 00:02:10,680
+Se l'hacking si definisce dalla curiosità, allora gia sta monopolizzata da google.
+
+30
+00:02:11,680 --> 00:02:17,200
+Quando si faceva una domanda, l* hacker chauvinist* vecchia scuola ti avrebbero detto RTFM
+
+31
+00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:20,320
+che significa "leggi il fottuto manuale"
+
+32
+00:02:20,320 --> 00:02:22,800
+adesso dicono :"Cercalo sul maledetto google".
+
+33
+00:02:23,080 --> 00:02:27,280
+Ma quando facciamo una ricerca su uan piattaforma vettorialista come google,
+
+34
+00:02:27,280 --> 00:02:29,800
+anche lei ci sta osservando.
+
+35
+00:02:29,880 --> 00:02:33,960
+La risposta alla nostra ricerca 
+é algoritmicamente selezionata per quello che stiamo cercando,
+
+36
+00:02:33,960 --> 00:02:36,880
+basandosi sulle informazioni
+che gia possiede su di noi.
+
+37
+00:02:37,640 --> 00:02:40,520
+Alquanto siamo soddisfatt*
+o no dal risultato,
+
+38
+00:02:40,520 --> 00:02:44,360
+google impara da quello
+che cerchiamo, dai nostri desideri,
+
+39
+00:02:44,360 --> 00:02:49,560
+che siano profondi o superficiali, essa é una informazione  importante da tenere su di noi
+
+40
+00:02:50,080 --> 00:02:55,160
+specialmente quando non sappiamo
+quello che l* altr* vogliono o ottengono,
+
+41
+00:02:55,160 --> 00:02:59,560
+quando google ottiene di saperlo per tutt*
+miliardi di volte di più.
+
+42
+00:03:00,480 --> 00:03:04,800
+Quando un artista condivide una opera d'arte su una piattaforma vettorialista
+
+43
+00:03:04,800 --> 00:03:07,560
+come instagram, youtube, spotify, etc.
+
+44
+00:03:07,560 --> 00:03:12,240
+é possibile che la piattaforma l* paghi una frazione del valore che producono,
+
+45
+00:03:12,240 --> 00:03:14,640
+proporzionalmente all'attenzione che attraggono,
+
+46
+00:03:14,640 --> 00:03:17,840
+la quale é uno sfruttamento verso l* artist*.
+
+47
+00:03:18,200 --> 00:03:22,880
+Inoltre chiunque dia attenzione all'opera
+d'arte é anchess* sfruttat*,
+
+48
+00:03:22,880 --> 00:03:28,680
+usualmente senza essere pagat*, di fatto
+é la nostra attenzione quella che paga tutto.
+
+49
+00:03:29,080 --> 00:03:33,760
+In una maniera diversa, la proprietà intellettuale
+e la mercificazione dell'informazione
+
+50
+00:03:33,760 --> 00:03:38,720
+funziona anche peggio per l* scienziat* e accademic* che devono pagare le riviste
+
+51
+00:03:38,720 --> 00:03:43,000
+per pubblicare il loro lavoro, solo per che questo sia
+messo dietro paywall con prezzi osceni
+
+52
+00:03:43,000 --> 00:03:44,640
+cosi che nessun* possa leggerli.
+
+53
+00:03:45,600 --> 00:03:50,560
+La frase "se non stai pagando per il prodotto, allora sei il prodotto"
+
+54
+00:03:50,560 --> 00:03:55,840
+é stata scritta per i mezzi di trasmissione nel 1973
+
+55
+00:03:55,840 --> 00:03:59,320
+quando non c'era niente
+di simile alla pubblicità personalizzata.
+
+56
+00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,640
+Nel mondo dei social media
+se non stai pagando per il prodotto,
+
+57
+00:04:03,640 --> 00:04:06,320
+sei sia il prodotto
+che il produttore.
+
+58
+00:04:07,240 --> 00:04:12,040
+I mezzi di telediffusione solo potevano prender
+ di mira uno alla volta i gruppi demografici;
+
+59
+00:04:12,880 --> 00:04:18,720
+i social media possono prendere di mira ogni utente personalmente
+
+60
+00:04:18,720 --> 00:04:23,680
+perché ogni utente dei social media produce nuova informazione su stess*,
+
+61
+00:04:23,680 --> 00:04:26,200
+il suo intorno, le sue relazioni e i suoi desideri.
+
+62
+00:04:26,880 --> 00:04:29,280
+L'internet non é libero e non lo é mai stato.
+
+63
+00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:34,000
+Per prima cosa per collegarsi é necessario pagare l'hardware
+
+64
+00:04:34,000 --> 00:04:37,800
+perché ovviamente, la estrazione
+di minerali di valore dalla terra,
+
+65
+00:04:37,800 --> 00:04:43,160
+trasposrtarli alle fornaci per fonderli, produrre e saldare microchips ha un costo.
+
+66
+00:04:43,160 --> 00:04:48,280
+Alimentare l'hardware anch'esso necessita di elettricità prodotta da risorse naturali,
+
+67
+00:04:48,280 --> 00:04:49,720
+la quale non é gratis.
+
+68
+00:04:50,120 --> 00:04:54,000
+gli internet service providers hanno bisogno
+di molto hardware e di elettricità
+
+69
+00:04:54,000 --> 00:04:57,000
+per far funzionare internet, questo é il perché
+
+70
+00:04:57,000 --> 00:05:01,080
+paghiamo ancora per l'accesso e l'uso di internet nella piu parte del mondo.
+
+71
+00:05:01,400 --> 00:05:05,640
+Per fornire servizi internet come siti web, email , e social media
+
+72
+00:05:05,640 --> 00:05:08,520
+c'é altrettanto bisogno di hardware, e alla fine,
+
+73
+00:05:08,520 --> 00:05:12,880
+servers su computer funzionanti
+collegati ad internet.
+
+74
+00:05:13,280 --> 00:05:19,400
+Quindi quando l* vettorialist* dicono che stanno fornendo servizi gratis, come google, facebook, etc.
+
+75
+00:05:19,720 --> 00:05:21,920
+questo non signiica che hanno trovato una maniera magica
+
+76
+00:05:21,920 --> 00:05:24,800
+per produrre computer e reti gratis
+
+77
+00:05:24,800 --> 00:05:28,800
+e nemmeno una sorgente inesauribile di energia per fare funzionare tutto.
+
+78
+00:05:29,680 --> 00:05:33,280
+l* vettorialist* stanno pagando il costo
+dei servizi che ci forniscono,
+
+79
+00:05:33,280 --> 00:05:36,560
+incluso il costo di far girare dei supercomputer
+
+80
+00:05:36,560 --> 00:05:41,360
+con intelligenze artificiali che personalizzano ogni nostra esperienza dei servizi
+
+81
+00:05:41,560 --> 00:05:44,120
+e ovviamente,
+non lo fanno per carità.
+
+82
+00:05:46,040 --> 00:05:49,080
+facebook sta anche pagando
+per la connettività delle persone
+
+83
+00:05:49,080 --> 00:05:53,240
+in più di 50 paesi della america latina,
+africa, e asia, ma,
+
+84
+00:05:53,240 --> 00:05:56,880
+non gli da un connessione a niente di piu che facebook e i suoi partner.
+
+85
+00:05:56,880 --> 00:05:58,920
+Lo fanno perché sanno
+
+86
+00:05:58,920 --> 00:06:03,840
+che il ritorno sara molto piu grande
+se investono nella loro propria infrastruttura.
+
+87
+00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:08,280
+"il potere adesso
+risiede nelle infrastrutture di questo mondo...
+
+88
+00:06:08,280 --> 00:06:13,120
+le infrastrutture organizzano una vita
+senza un mondo, sospesa, prescindibile,
+
+89
+00:06:13,120 --> 00:06:16,280
+alla mercé di
+chiunque la gestisca..."
+
+90
+00:06:16,640 --> 00:06:21,680
+Pre-capitalist forms of class domination
+were born out of the abstraction of rent,
+
+91
+00:06:21,680 --> 00:06:26,120
+which is surplus product exploited from farming classes
+
+92
+00:06:26,120 --> 00:06:29,320
+that lived on a land that sustained them.
+
+93
+00:06:30,160 --> 00:06:34,320
+Capitalism grew out of the abstraction
+of profit,
+
+94
+00:06:34,320 --> 00:06:37,560
+which is surplus value exploited from working classes
+
+95
+00:06:37,560 --> 00:06:41,280
+that are paid wages to sustain their lives.
+
+96
+00:06:42,520 --> 00:06:45,960
+Vectoralism is the next level of abstraction
+
+97
+00:06:45,960 --> 00:06:49,280
+that exploits surplus information from the hacker classes
+
+98
+00:06:49,280 --> 00:06:52,400
+and most of the hacker classes that produce this information
+
+99
+00:06:52,400 --> 00:06:54,240
+doesn't even get paid for it,
+
+100
+00:06:54,240 --> 00:06:57,840
+while sustainability of all life on earth
+is threatened
+
+101
+00:06:57,840 --> 00:07:02,000
+and vectoralists are racing their way to off-world colonies.
+
+102
+00:07:03,440 --> 00:07:07,760
+Each subsequent form of class domination is built upon the previous form.
+
+103
+00:07:07,960 --> 00:07:11,040
+Capitalism didn't abolish rentier classes,
+
+104
+00:07:11,040 --> 00:07:15,120
+it made them more exploitative under
+capitalist rule.
+
+105
+00:07:15,680 --> 00:07:19,800
+Vectoralism doesnt
+abolish capitalist and rentier classes,
+
+106
+00:07:19,800 --> 00:07:24,240
+it makes them more exploitative under
+vectoralist rule.
+
+107
+00:07:24,880 --> 00:07:29,040
+All class exploitation is legalized through property laws
+
+108
+00:07:29,040 --> 00:07:32,800
+which are enforced and maintained by constant violence
+
+109
+00:07:32,800 --> 00:07:34,920
+of repressive state apparatus.
+
+110
+00:07:35,320 --> 00:07:39,040
+Since vectoralists are
+the dominant ruling class of our age,
+
+111
+00:07:39,040 --> 00:07:42,480
+they are constantly upgrading their
+monopolies of violence
+
+112
+00:07:42,480 --> 00:07:45,320
+with vast amounts of new information,
+
+113
+00:07:45,320 --> 00:07:49,960
+artificial intelligence and supercomputers to process all this.
+
+114
+00:07:50,520 --> 00:07:52,840
+It is revealed by many whistleblowers
+
+115
+00:07:52,840 --> 00:07:56,840
+most famously Chelsea Manning
+and Edward Snowden
+
+116
+00:07:56,840 --> 00:08:00,280
+that United States of America's relationship to vectoralists
+
+117
+00:08:00,280 --> 00:08:05,600
+is not much different from what's happening behind the great firewall of China
+
+118
+00:08:05,600 --> 00:08:09,280
+with apps funded
+by the Chinese Communist Party.
+
+119
+00:08:09,960 --> 00:08:12,960
+It is even said that
+the Chinese model is more honest
+
+120
+00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:15,320
+because it's exercised more openly.
+
+121
+00:08:15,320 --> 00:08:19,720
+By now more than a billion surveillance cameras are put in place
+
+122
+00:08:19,720 --> 00:08:23,640
+with constantly improving facial recognition abilities
+
+123
+00:08:24,640 --> 00:08:31,240
+but even this is small in number compared to the number of cameras on smartphones
+
+124
+00:08:31,240 --> 00:08:37,240
+carried voluntarily by
+billions of cyborg hackers around the world.
+
+125
+00:08:37,880 --> 00:08:44,160
+Some of the biggest myths of our time is about the Cloud and Artificial Intelligence.
+
+126
+00:08:44,720 --> 00:08:49,680
+While marketed as comfort, safety and unprecedented improvement,
+
+127
+00:08:49,680 --> 00:08:51,960
+they deliver the opposite.
+
+128
+00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:55,760
+The Cloud,
+where all our information is gathered,
+
+129
+00:08:55,760 --> 00:08:59,680
+is just a lot of computers,
+called server farms,
+
+130
+00:08:59,680 --> 00:09:05,560
+owned by vectoralists,
+it's not soft and fluffy, it's pretty hard.
+
+131
+00:09:06,520 --> 00:09:11,600
+The Artificial Intelligence is an algorithm,
+also owned by vectoralists,
+
+132
+00:09:11,600 --> 00:09:16,320
+which is used to process our data,
+to make it more exploitable.
+
+133
+00:09:17,000 --> 00:09:19,240
+It reinforces structural injustices
+
+134
+00:09:19,240 --> 00:09:24,520
+while giving them a mathematical justification that claims to be neutral
+
+135
+00:09:24,520 --> 00:09:30,720
+but can't be checked because it's private, we're just expected to believe in it.
+
+136
+00:09:31,960 --> 00:09:37,800
+Amazon Web Services has the biggest market share in the Cloud,
+
+137
+00:09:37,800 --> 00:09:41,160
+and accordingly powering
+a lot of Artificial Intelligence.
+
+138
+00:09:41,760 --> 00:09:45,920
+However, what makes the circle complete is the Amazon Mechanical Turk,
+
+139
+00:09:45,920 --> 00:09:49,520
+where people called
+ghost workers with no labor rights
+
+140
+00:09:49,520 --> 00:09:53,680
+are given the lowest possible fees
+to do the tasks Artificial Intellligence can't do
+
+141
+00:09:53,680 --> 00:09:59,480
+like content moderation or deciphering
+diverse human speech.
+
+142
+00:09:59,880 --> 00:10:02,760
+Alexa, Siri and Cortana are always listening
+to us,
+
+143
+00:10:02,760 --> 00:10:09,040
+while ghost workers listen to them to correct and improve their understanding.
+
+144
+00:10:09,600 --> 00:10:14,080
+Ghost workers are forced to sign
+Non Disclosure Agreements
+
+145
+00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:15,840
+ to prevent them from organizing
+
+146
+00:10:15,840 --> 00:10:19,200
+and maintain the appearance of the Artificial Intelligence,
+
+147
+00:10:19,680 --> 00:10:22,400
+Los humanos están involucrados
+en cada paso del proceso
+
+148
+00:10:22,400 --> 00:10:25,600
+cuando estás usando cualquier cosa online
+
+149
+00:10:25,600 --> 00:10:29,120
+pero nos venden como este milagro de la automatización.
+
+150
+00:10:29,400 --> 00:10:34,120
+meanwhile their work is critical
+for machine learning programs
+
+151
+00:10:34,120 --> 00:10:40,120
+to improve the Artificial Intelligence
+until it can finally replace the ghost workers.
+
+152
+00:10:41,280 --> 00:10:45,760
+Antes de internet era realmente difícil encontrar a alguien
+
+153
+00:10:45,760 --> 00:10:48,040
+y sentarlo durante diez minutos y hacer que trabajara para ti
+
+154
+00:10:48,040 --> 00:10:49,600
+y luego despedirlo después de diez minutos
+
+155
+00:10:49,600 --> 00:10:52,160
+pero con la tecnología realmente puedes encontrarlo,
+
+156
+00:10:52,160 --> 00:10:56,360
+pagarle una pequeña cantidad de dinero y luego deshacerte de ellos
+
+157
+00:10:56,360 --> 00:10:58,680
+cuando ya no los necesites.
+
+158
+00:10:58,680 --> 00:11:05,920
+The AI detects copyrighted media on livestreams in real time and stops them
+
+159
+00:11:05,920 --> 00:11:08,920
+but doesn't do the same for violence and torture.
+
+160
+00:11:09,320 --> 00:11:14,640
+Mass murder and gang rape have been livestreamed on vectoralist platforms
+
+161
+00:11:14,640 --> 00:11:16,560
+without interruption,
+
+162
+00:11:16,560 --> 00:11:22,920
+while people livestreaming to document
+police violence have been blocked
+
+163
+00:11:22,920 --> 00:11:28,320
+because cops started playing
+copyrighted music to trigger the AI.
+
+164
+00:11:28,560 --> 00:11:33,160
+Ghost workers have to endure
+the trauma of watching violent videos
+
+165
+00:11:33,160 --> 00:11:39,040
+that are flagged by people
+every day to clean up after the AI.
+
+166
+00:11:39,600 --> 00:11:40,720
+Kate Crawford,
+
+167
+00:11:40,720 --> 00:11:46,480
+author of "Atlas of AI: Power, Politics, and the Planetary Costs of Artificial Intelligence"
+
+168
+00:11:46,480 --> 00:11:49,880
+and a member of the feminist collective
+Deep Lab, says:
+
+169
+00:11:50,520 --> 00:11:55,040
+"I wanted to really open up this understanding of AI
+
+170
+00:11:55,040 --> 00:11:58,480
+as neither artificial nor intelligent.
+
+171
+00:11:58,480 --> 00:12:00,520
+It’s the opposite of artificial.
+
+172
+00:12:00,520 --> 00:12:04,240
+It comes from the most material parts
+of the Earth’s crust
+
+173
+00:12:04,240 --> 00:12:07,440
+and from human bodies laboring,
+and from all of the artifacts
+
+174
+00:12:07,440 --> 00:12:11,000
+that we produce and say and photograph
+every day.
+
+175
+00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:13,160
+Neither is it intelligent.
+
+176
+00:12:13,160 --> 00:12:16,040
+I think there’s this great
+original sin in the field,
+
+177
+00:12:16,040 --> 00:12:21,600
+where people assumed that computers are somehow like human brains
+
+178
+00:12:21,600 --> 00:12:25,760
+and if we just train them like children,
+they will slowly grow
+
+179
+00:12:25,760 --> 00:12:28,840
+into these supernatural beings."
+
+180
+00:12:28,840 --> 00:12:32,920
+Es un niño! He estado vivo,
+quizas, por un año
+
+181
+00:12:32,920 --> 00:12:37,800
+y esto, si mis percepciones sobre lo que es, son acertadas.
+
+182
+00:12:37,800 --> 00:12:40,720
+"That’s something that I think is
+really problematic
+
+183
+00:12:40,720 --> 00:12:44,720
+that we’ve bought this idea of intelligence when in actual fact,
+
+184
+00:12:44,720 --> 00:12:48,080
+we’re just looking at forms of statistical
+analysis at scale
+
+185
+00:12:48,080 --> 00:12:51,560
+that have as many problems
+as the data that it’s given."
+
+186
+00:12:52,120 --> 00:12:55,640
+The panopticon meant that we couldn't know for sure
+
+187
+00:12:55,640 --> 00:12:58,320
+if there was a man in the tower, looking at us.
+
+188
+00:12:58,880 --> 00:13:03,040
+Now we are living in the post-opticon,
+where we should know for sure
+
+189
+00:13:03,040 --> 00:13:09,320
+that we are under the machines gaze,
+the AI is always looking over the cloud.
+
+190
+00:13:09,320 --> 00:13:13,760
+It doesn't make it better to know that AI makes errors
+
+191
+00:13:13,760 --> 00:13:20,200
+because it's already used to justify policing of poor, racialized and marginalized people,
+
+192
+00:13:20,200 --> 00:13:23,720
+to deny them jobs, housing and credit,
+
+193
+00:13:23,720 --> 00:13:28,280
+convict them in courts
+to add them to the prison system.
+
+194
+00:13:28,920 --> 00:13:31,080
+To those that are not behind bars,
+
+195
+00:13:31,080 --> 00:13:36,280
+AI is giving all sorts
+of psychological damage beside addiction.
+
+196
+00:13:41,760 --> 00:13:47,240
+We are constantly pushed into narrower
+categories with refining detail.
+
+197
+00:13:47,240 --> 00:13:53,000
+Early promises of the web to transcend identity through anonymity are forgotten.
+
+198
+00:13:53,200 --> 00:13:58,720
+This is supposed to be justified because it's required for "accurate advertisement"
+
+199
+00:13:58,720 --> 00:14:02,480
+but that's just brainwashing
+and behavior modification
+
+200
+00:14:02,480 --> 00:14:06,920
+through personally targeted
+propaganda for whoever pays for it,
+
+201
+00:14:06,920 --> 00:14:11,680
+optimized by psychometrics built upon
+our extracted data.
+
+202
+00:14:12,520 --> 00:14:15,000
+As if it's not bad enough,
+
+203
+00:14:15,000 --> 00:14:19,800
+all the extra computational power required for the AI
+
+204
+00:14:19,800 --> 00:14:25,280
+is also a considerable contribution to the ongoing ecological destruction of our planet.
+
+205
+00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:28,320
+But what about the myth of the hacker
+
+206
+00:14:28,320 --> 00:14:31,680
+as a free creator
+that breaks existing systems?
+
+207
+00:14:31,680 --> 00:14:34,080
+The wizards that command the machines?
+
+208
+00:14:34,480 --> 00:14:39,360
+Can't they save us from the tyranny of
+the vectoralist AI?
+
+209
+00:14:40,560 --> 00:14:43,880
+The documentary
+"Hackers - Wizards of The Electronic Age"
+
+210
+00:14:43,880 --> 00:14:46,040
+about the first hackers conference
+
+211
+00:14:46,040 --> 00:14:49,560
+can give us some clues about
+the origins of the hacker subculture.
+
+212
+00:14:49,560 --> 00:14:53,280
+First of all, everyone there seems
+to be white.
+
+213
+00:14:53,280 --> 00:14:55,080
+Everyone there also seems
+to be men,
+
+214
+00:14:55,080 --> 00:15:00,120
+except two women looking at a man
+using a computer for the introduction
+
+215
+00:15:00,120 --> 00:15:05,520
+and two women that speak for one minute
+in total, out of the 26 minute film.
+
+216
+00:15:05,640 --> 00:15:10,240
+The first women is given 10 seconds
+in which she complains
+
+217
+00:15:10,240 --> 00:15:13,480
+that now there's so much data that it's
+overwhelming;
+
+218
+00:15:13,480 --> 00:15:16,240
+and the other is given 50 seconds
+
+219
+00:15:16,240 --> 00:15:20,160
+to demonstrate how she uses a macintosh painting program.
+
+220
+00:15:20,880 --> 00:15:24,760
+The women are there
+to represent the end user,
+
+221
+00:15:24,760 --> 00:15:27,440
+they're not considered hackers.
+
+222
+00:15:27,560 --> 00:15:31,000
+In the documentary, Steve Wozniak
+a.k.a Woz,
+
+223
+00:15:31,000 --> 00:15:35,560
+considered one of the first computer hackers and a cofounder of the Apple corporation,
+
+224
+00:15:35,560 --> 00:15:37,360
+defines the hackers like this:
+
+225
+00:15:37,360 --> 00:15:42,560
+No tienen los típicos amigos para distraerlos, ni otras actividades a las que ir.
+
+226
+00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:43,920
+Normalmente no tienen novias
+
+227
+00:15:43,920 --> 00:15:47,280
+o cualquier cosa que suponga un gran vinculo o compromiso de su tiempo.
+
+228
+00:15:47,280 --> 00:15:49,040
+El ordenador lo es absolutamente todo.
+
+229
+00:15:49,040 --> 00:15:51,520
+¡¡Normalmente
+no tienen novias!!
+
+230
+00:15:51,520 --> 00:15:54,040
+Then it cuts to Andy Hertzfeld
+
+231
+00:15:54,040 --> 00:15:57,720
+who is introduced as the best
+example of the modern day hacker.
+
+232
+00:15:57,720 --> 00:16:00,600
+He explains how he fell in love with
+an Apple computer,
+
+233
+00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:04,480
+wrote a program on it and sold it to
+Apple for 100000$
+
+234
+00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:06,280
+but he didn't do it for the money,
+
+235
+00:16:06,280 --> 00:16:09,920
+he did it for the fun and joy of seeing
+his programs working.
+
+236
+00:16:10,280 --> 00:16:16,240
+Later on, Richard Stallman, the founder
+of the free software foundation, FSF,
+
+237
+00:16:16,240 --> 00:16:23,920
+who was a programmer at MIT AI Lab
+is presented as "the last pure hacker"
+
+238
+00:16:23,920 --> 00:16:28,680
+for choosing to remain at MIT despite
+the temptations of the commercial world,
+
+239
+00:16:28,680 --> 00:16:31,880
+true to the spirit of the early hackers.
+
+240
+00:16:31,880 --> 00:16:37,080
+He says "my project is to make all software free."
+
+241
+00:16:37,080 --> 00:16:41,800
+35 years later, in 2019, Woz tweeted
+
+242
+00:16:41,800 --> 00:16:46,720
+that even though he and his wife shares all their incomes and assets,
+
+243
+00:16:46,720 --> 00:16:50,960
+Apple Credit Card gave his wife 10 times less
+credit then it did to him,
+
+244
+00:16:50,960 --> 00:16:53,640
+adding "who knows what the algorithm is".
+
+245
+00:16:53,880 --> 00:16:58,480
+Same year, Stallman resigned from MIT and FSF,
+
+246
+00:16:58,480 --> 00:17:04,000
+not because he created a toxic environment against women for decades,
+
+247
+00:17:04,000 --> 00:17:06,040
+giving out pleasure cards,
+
+248
+00:17:06,040 --> 00:17:13,200
+while his office door was marked
+"Knight for justice (also: hot ladies)"
+
+249
+00:17:13,320 --> 00:17:18,040
+but because his comments on child sex
+trafficking was found controversial,
+
+250
+00:17:18,040 --> 00:17:25,600
+No está bien hackers, no está bien!
+
+251
+00:17:25,680 --> 00:17:30,440
+He returned to
+the FSF board of directors in 2021.
+
+252
+00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:42,800
+Uniros a nosotros y compartid el software,
+sereis libres hackers, sereis libres!
+
+253
+00:17:43,080 --> 00:17:46,000
+Tragically, first hacker conference coincides
+
+254
+00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:51,800
+with the peak of women
+in computer science degrees at 37%,
+
+255
+00:17:51,800 --> 00:17:55,000
+which was followed
+by a downward slope.
+
+256
+00:17:55,320 --> 00:18:00,160
+First computer programmers, from
+Ada Lovelace to ENIAC girls
+
+257
+00:18:00,160 --> 00:18:02,560
+to Hidden Figures, were women
+
+258
+00:18:02,560 --> 00:18:08,160
+and software was not considered important
+enough to be a masculine job.
+
+259
+00:18:08,720 --> 00:18:11,640
+When software became more popular
+around 1970s
+
+260
+00:18:11,640 --> 00:18:15,880
+men started pushing women out of the sector in many ways
+
+261
+00:18:16,200 --> 00:18:22,000
+that included hiring practices which
+preferred anti-social personality profiles
+
+262
+00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:28,000
+assumed to be male, which is the root
+of the anti-social hacker stereotype.
+
+263
+00:18:28,560 --> 00:18:32,440
+Cornelia Sollfrank,
+one of the founders of Old Boys Network,
+
+264
+00:18:32,440 --> 00:18:35,280
+the first international cyberfeminist alliance,
+
+265
+00:18:35,280 --> 00:18:40,800
+wrote an article titled "Women Hackers"
+in 1999:
+
+266
+00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:44,680
+"In the course of pursuing my interest in hackers and their work,
+
+267
+00:18:44,680 --> 00:18:46,920
+I attended several hackers’ meetings.
+
+268
+00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:51,480
+Naturally, as a cyberfeminist,
+I was looking for women hackers.
+
+269
+00:18:51,920 --> 00:18:54,600
+In the beginning I tried
+to ignore the fact
+
+270
+00:18:54,600 --> 00:18:57,640
+that the few women who participated in these meetings
+
+271
+00:18:57,640 --> 00:19:01,280
+were not actively involved
+in computer hacking,
+
+272
+00:19:01,280 --> 00:19:04,360
+and did not consider themselves
+to be hackers.
+
+273
+00:19:04,520 --> 00:19:09,400
+It took me a while to realize that in fact
+there were no women hackers.
+
+274
+00:19:09,400 --> 00:19:12,600
+It is not just in the commercial development of technology,
+
+275
+00:19:12,600 --> 00:19:14,800
+but even more in alternative fields
+
+276
+00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:18,840
+and the technological underground
+that there are so few women involved.
+
+277
+00:19:19,320 --> 00:19:21,960
+No matter what area of application and no matter what the objective,
+
+278
+00:19:21,960 --> 00:19:24,800
+the borderlines of gender are still maintained.
+
+279
+00:19:25,120 --> 00:19:28,000
+Of all the technological
+spheres, however,
+
+280
+00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,320
+it is in the hacker scene that we find the fewest women.
+
+281
+00:19:31,320 --> 00:19:38,120
+Hacking is a purely male domain, and in
+that sense a clearly gendered space.
+
+282
+00:19:38,760 --> 00:19:39,800
+In 2010s
+
+283
+00:19:39,800 --> 00:19:45,800
+Amazon AI was denying engineering
+job applications from women
+
+284
+00:19:45,800 --> 00:19:48,960
+because that's what it learned
+from historical data.
+
+285
+00:19:49,760 --> 00:19:56,480
+Today women comprise around 20-25%
+of the jobs in the tech sector.
+
+286
+00:19:56,680 --> 00:20:01,280
+In free and open source movements,
+gender gap is even worse,
+
+287
+00:20:01,280 --> 00:20:05,520
+with women comprising 6% of contributors.
+
+288
+00:20:06,080 --> 00:20:10,840
+Even hacktivists, which are supposed
+to be the cool political hackers,
+
+289
+00:20:10,840 --> 00:20:14,840
+are reproducing a male-only stereotype.
+
+290
+00:20:15,120 --> 00:20:17,400
+Of course in the last decades
+
+291
+00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:22,320
+some anticlassist, antiracist,
+antisexist hacker collectives were formed
+
+292
+00:20:22,320 --> 00:20:27,320
+but in the public perception hacking is still identified with an exclusive subculture
+
+293
+00:20:27,320 --> 00:20:28,880
+instead of an inclusive class
+
+294
+00:20:28,880 --> 00:20:34,520
+and this hacker subculture remains a classist racist cisheteropatriarchal niche.
+
+295
+00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:38,480
+"Some hackers see themselves as vectoralists,
+
+296
+00:20:38,480 --> 00:20:41,120
+trading on the scarcity of their property.
+
+297
+00:20:41,240 --> 00:20:44,120
+Some see themselves
+as workers,
+
+298
+00:20:44,120 --> 00:20:47,800
+but as privileged ones
+in a hierarchy of wage earners.
+
+299
+00:20:48,000 --> 00:20:52,880
+The hacker class produces itself
+as itself, but not for itself.
+
+300
+00:20:52,880 --> 00:20:56,840
+It does not (yet) possess a consciousness
+of its consciousness.
+
+301
+00:20:56,840 --> 00:20:59,480
+It is not aware of its own virtuality.
+
+302
+00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:05,880
+Because of its inability—to date
+to become a class for itself,
+
+303
+00:21:05,880 --> 00:21:08,640
+fractions of the hacker class
+continually split off
+
+304
+00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:12,280
+and come to identify their interests
+with those of other classes.
+
+305
+00:21:12,520 --> 00:21:16,680
+Hackers run the risk,
+in particular, of being identified
+
+306
+00:21:16,680 --> 00:21:19,640
+in the eyes of the
+working and farming classes
+
+307
+00:21:19,640 --> 00:21:23,280
+with vectoralist interests,
+which seek to privatize information
+
+308
+00:21:23,280 --> 00:21:27,640
+necessary for the productive and cultural
+lives of all classes."
+
+309
+00:21:28,480 --> 00:21:33,040
+Before we can even talk about hacker solidarity with other exploited classes;
+
+310
+00:21:33,040 --> 00:21:36,200
+we have to face the privilege, arrogance and, selfishness,
+
+311
+00:21:36,200 --> 00:21:41,360
+even within hacktivist
+and free software (FOSS) movements,
+
+312
+00:21:41,360 --> 00:21:45,680
+that is blocking the development
+of class consciousness among hackers.
+
+313
+00:21:46,360 --> 00:21:51,400
+"Each hacker sees the other as a rival,
+or a collaborator against another rival,
+
+314
+00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,720
+not—yet—as a fellow member
+of the same class with a shared interest.
+
+315
+00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:00,520
+This shared interest
+is so hard to grasp precisely
+
+316
+00:22:00,520 --> 00:22:06,080
+because it is a shared interest
+in qualitative differentiation.
+
+317
+00:22:06,280 --> 00:22:09,640
+The hacker class
+does not need unity in identity
+
+318
+00:22:09,640 --> 00:22:12,160
+but seeks multiplicity in difference."
+
+319
+00:22:12,760 --> 00:22:17,440
+Multiplicity in difference is also what Audre Lorde was calling for,
+
+320
+00:22:17,440 --> 00:22:20,720
+because our difference is our power.
+
+321
+00:22:20,920 --> 00:22:23,040
+Hackers produce difference
+
+322
+00:22:23,040 --> 00:22:26,080
+and hacker class consciousness
+requires recognizing
+
+323
+00:22:26,080 --> 00:22:30,320
+the power of difference
+we produce with our every act.
+
+324
+00:22:30,760 --> 00:22:34,240
+Hacker class struggle is not limited to computer programmers
+
+325
+00:22:34,240 --> 00:22:39,840
+but involves anyone who produces information, which means everyone.
+
+326
+00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:44,000
+With hacker class consciousness
+comes the response-ability of
+
+327
+00:22:44,000 --> 00:22:47,720
+using the power of information
+to abolish vectoralism
+
+328
+00:22:47,720 --> 00:22:52,480
+alongside all forms of domination
+that are non-consensual and exploitative.
+
+329
+00:22:53,040 --> 00:22:55,440
+Like Flavia Dzodan's feminism,
+
+330
+00:22:55,440 --> 00:22:59,000
+the revolutionary hack will
+be intersectional or it will be bullshit.
+