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<!-- <div class="imageUne"><img id="images" src="harkinengel.jpg"/></div>
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<div class="imageDeux"><img id="images" src="signatures.jpg"/></div> -->
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<div class="quotes" id="theharkinengel">
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<div class="entête">
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- <div class="titre">Harkin–Engel Protocol Wikipedia Page</div>
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- <div class="linksource"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ <div class="titre">Paying the price of chocolate</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.confectionerynews.com/Article/2014/07/10/Price-of-Chocolate-Breaking-poverty-cycle-in-cocoa-farming?utm_source=copyright&utm_medium=OnSite&utm_campaign=copyright">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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</div>
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- <div class="texte">The Harkin–Engel Protocol is a <mark>public-private agreement</mark> to eliminate the worst forms of child labor (defined according to the International Labour Organization (ILO)'s Convention 182) in the growth and processing of cocoa in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. The protocol was a voluntary agreement that partnered governments, the global cocoa industry, cocoa producers, cocoa laborers, non-governmenal organizations. The agreement laid out a series of date-specific actions, including the development of voluntary standards of public certification. The Protocol did not commit the industry to ending all child labor in cocoa production, <mark>only the worst forms of it</mark>. The parties agreed to a six-article plan:
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+ <div class="texte">[...] Andy Harner, global cocoa vice president at Mars Chocolate
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+ <i>“I would disagree with any naive thought of just passing through price increases to farmers. It's unfortunately more complicated than that.”</i>
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+ He said while the industry agreed that farmers needed higher incomes, <mark>It was more sustainable to empower farmers to negotiate a fairer price and to lobby producing countries to award farmers a greater percentage of the global cocoa price</mark>. This strategy has been employed by Cocoa Action, an industry initiative by manufacturers and processors including Mondelēz, Barry Callebaut and Cargill that aims to improve farmer yields through fertilizer use and training. [...] Mars’ Andy Harner said it was a naive assumption to add 3% for the price and then try to add that 3% to a cocoa farmers’ price. <i>“The supply chain really isn't that direct and transparent,”</i> he said.
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="quotes" id="inapril2018">
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<div class="entête">
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- <div class="titre">Harkin–Engel Protocol Wikipedia Page</div>
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- <div class="linksource"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ <div class="titre">Cocoa Barometer</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.voicenetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-Cocoa-Barometer-EN.pdf">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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</div>
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- <div class="texte">In April 2018, the Cocoa Barometer 2018 report on the $100-billion industry, said this about the child labor situation: <mark>"Not a single company or government is anywhere near reaching the sectorwide objective of the elimination of child labour, and not even near their commitments of a 70% reduction of child labour by 2020".</mark>
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+ <div class="texte">Current efforts focus on technical solutions such as increasing productivity and
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+ diversifying production. Though these are necessary steps, these technical
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+ solutions alone will not suffice. Additionally, technical approaches also
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+ have their own challenges, and require available and affordable inputs,
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+ labour and financing.[...]
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+ <mark>Farm gate prices are a key missing ingredient</mark>, and are a short term
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+ solution that every company can engage in almost immediately. <mark>The Living
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+ Income Differential - a $400 per tonne premium - has been implemented
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+ by the main cocoa growing countries Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, thereby
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+ raising farm gate prices by 21% and 28% respectively. This is an important
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+ step, although is far from sufficient to provide farmers a living income,
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+ despite its name</mark>. Additionally, concerns remain at the lack of inclusion of
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+ other stakeholders in the development of these plans, including farmer
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+ organisations, civil society, and other cocoa producing governments.
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="quotes" id="theprotocollaidout">
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<div class="entête">
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- <div class="titre">Harkin–Engel Protocol Wikipedia Page</div>
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- <div class="linksource"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ <div class="titre">Taza Chocolate transparency report</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.tazachocolate.com/pages/2016-transparency-report">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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</div>
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- <div class="texte"><mark>The protocol laid out a non-binding agreement for the cocoa industry to regulate itself without any legal implications</mark>, but Engel threatened to reintroduce legislation if the deadlines were not met. This agreement was one of the first times an American industry was subjected to self-regulation and <mark>one of the first times self-regulation was used to address an international human rights issue</mark>.
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+ <div class="texte">Other benefits are less obvious but just as valuable. <mark>The world market for cacao is marked by high price volatility. Small-scale producers end up at the mercy of market forces entirely outside their control</mark>, resulting in boom and bust cycles that at best discourage farmers from investing in growing more cacao, and at worst, bankrupt them entirely. Some of our partners offer farmers much needed stability by paying a fixed price for their beans, well above the world market price, which is set at the start of the harvest and guaranteed through the season.
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="quotes" id="theprotocollaidout">
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+ <div class="entête">
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+ <div class="titre">Taza Chocolate transparency report</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.tazachocolate.com/pages/2016-transparency-report">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="texte">I also came to appreciate the limitations of my original question. <mark>The price paid for cacao matters, but it needs to be multiplied by the volume of cacao produced in order to reveal a farmer’s total income</mark>. Similarly, income tells only half the story (or less, if the farmer gets additional money from growing coffee or other work), because if a producer sells a lot of cacao but spends a fortune on fertilizer to grow it or logistics to transport it, they may end up losing money. And all this before considering a place’s cost of living! Clearly, the more I learned, the more questions arose. [...] From my perspective, as an advocate for small farmers, I need price to be above cost of production — at least by 20 percent or more. However, we don’t know enough about cost of production and farmer incomes for coffee and cocoa. We have small data sets and handpicked examples. <mark>We need to learn the relationship between farmer income and a living income</mark>. So… yes, price is important but is still a limited indicator of sustainability and farmer livelihoods.
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="quotes" id="in2009">
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<div class="entête">
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- <div class="titre">Harkin–Engel Protocol Wikipedia Page</div>
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- <div class="linksource"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkin%E2%80%93Engel_Protocol">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ <div class="titre">Cocoa Barometer</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.voicenetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-Cocoa-Barometer-EN.pdf">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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</div>
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- <div class="texte">In 2009, cocoa from Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria was added to a list of products made by forced child labor maintained by the Department of Labor. This listing stemmed from a request by Anti-Slavery International in 2004 to investigate if Ivorian cocoa should be on this list. Executive Order 13126 requires federal contractors who supply products on the list must prove they have made a good faith effort to determine if the products were produced under forced labor. Thus <mark>contractors must prove they have made a good faith effort to determine if cocoa was produced under forced labor</mark>.
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+ <div class="texte">Until the Ivorian and Ghanaian governments combined forces to introduce
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+ the Living Income Differential, farmers were almost entirely dependent
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+ on the world market for the setting of the farm gate price. <mark>Though
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+ markets can work well to set proper price levels when all actors have
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+ countervailing power, this is not the case in the cocoa sector. One of the
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+ key determinants for a farmers income is therefore imposed on him. This
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+ asymmetrical power balance doesn’t just lead to low farm gate prices,</mark>
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+ it also leads to a very skewed distribution of value in the supply chain;
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+ farmers live in extreme poverty in a multi-billion dollar industry.
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</div>
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</div>
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- <div class="personnalText">
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- <div class="personnalTextHarkinEngel" contenteditable="true">
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- The protocol was signed in 2001, with the intention that the 6 principles would be implemented by 2005. At that date, the requirements were not met; no certification standard, no change in the price of chocolate to enable cocoa farmers to lift themselves out of poverty. Companies are criticised for implementing the protocol at the lowest cost, without taking action to change the business model of the cocoa industry, which remains dependent on child labour.
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- Indeed, the protocol is a non-binding agreement, so that the cocoa industry regulates itself without legal implication. Corporate self-regulation is favoured to address a human rights issue.
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- In 2009, cocoa from the Ivory Coast and Nigeria was added to the list of products produced by child labour. Under Executive Order 13126, federal contractors who supply products on the list must prove that they have made a good faith effort to determine whether the products were produced using forced labour.
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- With the targets still not met in 2010, a new joint statement was issued: reduce the worst forms of child labour by 70% by 2020. In 2011, the cocoa industry had not completed any of the six articles.
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+ <div class="quotes" id="in2009">
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+ <div class="entête">
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+ <div class="titre">Cocoa Barometer</div>
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+ <div class="linksource"><a href="https://www.voicenetwork.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2020-Cocoa-Barometer-EN.pdf">LINK SOURCE</a></div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="texte">One of the arguments that companies must follow the world market
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+ price, is that the chocolate sector is a competitive one, and that
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+ companies cannot afford to unilaterally pay higher prices. However,
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+ in the past decade, Nestlé has bought back around $46 billion USD
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+ (Nestlé Global 2020) in stockholder shares. In early 2020, the Ferrero
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+ family paid itself an annual dividend of €642 million (Neate 2020).
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+ A rough calculation shows that a chocolate company like Ferrero,
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+ sourcing 135,000 metric tonnes of cocoa per year could give every
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+ single cocoa farming household it sources from (circa 90,000 farmers
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+ producing 1.5 tonnes per household) a living income for the year
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+ ($5,500 per household for Côte d’Ivoire), leading to a cost of at most
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+ $450 million. This would still leave the company around €192 million it
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+ could pay out to its owning family - the richest family in Italy.
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+ <mark>If chocolate companies are able to spend that kind of money on their
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+ stockholders and owners, there is simply no excuse for companies not
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+ to pay prices that ensure a living income.</mark>
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+ </div>
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</div>
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+
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+ <div class="moreResources">
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+ <div class="livingincome">
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+ <div class="entête">
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+ <div class="titre">more resources</div>
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+ </div>
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+ <div class="texte">
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+ <a href="https://dailycoffeenews.com/2017/09/19/farmgate-price-an-important-but-partial-piece-of-the-sustainability-puzzle/ ">Farmgate price, an important but partial piece of the sustainability puzzle</a>
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+ <br><a href="https://makechocolatefair.org/issues/cocoa-prices-and-income-farmers-0">Cocoa prices and income of farmers</a>
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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</div>
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+ <div class="personnalText">
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+ <div class="personnalTextLivingIncome" contenteditable="true">
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+ The farm gate price, the living income of farmers, the cocoa price market, the cocoa price volatility; these are the different notions that are addressed when we look at the creation of a living income for farmers.
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+ How can a living income or a farm price, which to be fair should be fixed and defined, coexist with a market that makes prices fluctuate?
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="personnalText">
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+ <div class="personnalTextLivingIncome2" contenteditable="true">
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+ Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire have introduced a living income (if I understand correctly it is a farm price). The living income differential is calculated on yield forecasts, so it is not adjustable or proportional. It is a fixed income per bag of cocoa, so the farm infrastructure must be able to produce enough bags to ensure a good income for all farm workers.
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+
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+ <div class="personnalText">
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+ <div class="personnalTextLivingIncome3" contenteditable="true">
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+ The cocoa price market is the stock price of cocoa, which sets the farm-gate price but in relation to the volatility of the cocoa price. the living income differential set up in Ghana and the Ivory Coast ensures a minimum income for farmers to protect them from market fluctuations.
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+ </div>
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+ </div>
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+
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<textarea class="boxEditable" placeholder="Write here and move" contenteditable="true"></textarea>
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@@ -98,7 +177,7 @@
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<a href="index.html"><div class=buttonsMenu>home</div></a>
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<a href="2harkinengel.html"><div class=buttonsMenu>previous</div></a>
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